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 (Linneaus, 1758) (mud bithynia)
  Habitat: Commonly found in freshwater ponds, shallow lakes, and canals.
Life History: Shell length can reach 15 mm; 5 whorls; breeds July to August; feeds on algae.
Native Range: Europe, from Scandinavia to Greece.
Nonindigenous Range: Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Lake Champlain, widespread across New York, Potomac River in Virginia.
Impacts: Has been known to infest municipal water supplies in abundance. Competes with Elimia virginica.
Comments: First introduced in the Great Lakes (Lake Michigan) about 1870 possibly with packing material.
 (I. Lea, 1841) buffalo pebblesnail
  Habitat: Freshwater lakes, streams.
Life History: Sexes are separate; eggs are usually laid in separate capsules deposited on vegetation, stones, leaf litter; some give birth to small embryos in this family (Hydrobiidae).
Native Range: Atlantic coastal drainage from New Jersey to South Carolina.
Nonindigenous Range: Lake Ontario, Erie Canal, Niagara Falls, and Oneida Lake in New York.
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: Invaded the Great Lakes via the Erie Canal; listed as a species of special concern in its native range in New York.
 (J. E. Gray, 1853) (New Zealand mudsnail)
  Habitat: Freshwater rivers and streams with gravel, cobble, or mud bottom; tolerates wide range of temperature, salinity, and turbidity; feeds on dead or dying plant or animal material, algae, and bacteria.
Life History: Populations consist of mostly asexually reproducing females that are born with developing embryos in their reproductive system.
Native Range: New Zealand.
Nonindigenous Range: Southwestern and northeastern regions of Lake Ontario.
Impacts: This species has the potential to be a biofouler for water users; most likely to compete with native snails.
Comments: Densities of over 300,000/m2 have been reported from the West. Probably introduced with trout shipments from outside the U.S.
 (Linneaus, 1758) (common periwinkle)
  Habitat: Found from coastal intertidal, rocky waters to estuarine brackish water and mud flats; depth to 60 m.
Life History: Can reach 52 mm in shell height; lives 5-10 years; females lay 10,000-100,000 eggs contained in a horny capsule from which larvae escape and settle to the bottom; can breed all year depending on the climate; mature at 10 mm; primarily an algae grazer, but will feed on small invertebrates such as barnacle larvae.
Native Range: Coast of northern Spain to Scandinavia and Russia.
Nonindigenous Range: Coastal areas from Maine to Virginia.
Impacts: A predominant mollusk from New Jersey northward; has had large negative impacts on invaded ecosystems; competes with native gastropods.
Comments: May have been introduced with rock ballast in the late 1800s. This species is harvested for human consumption in Europe.
 (Linneaus, 1758) (big-eared radix)
  Habitat: Freshwater lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers with mud bottoms.
Life History: Can reach 35 mm in height; 5 whorls; feeds on algae and decaying plant material.
Native Range: Europe and northern Asia.
Nonindigenous Range: Lake Erie; Charles River in Massachusetts; Cayuga Lake and Hudson River in New York; various ponds in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Lake Champlain in Vermont.
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: May have come with imported plants in the late 1800s.
 (Valenciennes, 1846) (veined rapa whelk)
  Habitat: Marine and estuarine waters with sandy bottom; can tolerate low salinity, polluted and oxygen deficient waters.
Life History: Can reach 180 mm in shell length; reproduces by laying a cluster of egg capsules that resemble yellow shag carpeting and hatch into pelagic larvae; growth is rapid during first year, reproduction occurs in second year.
Native Range: Western Pacific, from the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea.
Nonindigenous Range: Coastal Virginia .
Impacts: This species is carnivorous, feeding other mollusks including oysters.
Comments: A probable ballast water introduction.
 (Draparnaud, 1805) (European physa)
  Habitat: Freswater rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and swamps.
Life History: Can reach 17 mm in length.
Native Range: Europe, Mediterranean regions and Africa.
Nonindigenous Range: several localized regions in Maryland, New Jersey, and Virginia.
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: Probable early aquarium introduction or with imported plants.
 (Menke, 1830) (liver elimia)
  Habitat: Freshwater rivers and streams on rock shoals and gravel bars.
Life History: Can reach 20 mm in length; sexes are separate and eggs usually laid in spring in Elimia snails; often sexually mature in a year; can live 5 years.
Native Range: St. Lawrence River drainage from Great Lake to Lake Champlain; tributaries of the Ohio River east of the Scioto River in Ohio; Wabash River, west to the Illinois River.
Nonindigenous Range: Lower Hudson River drainage.
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: Migrated via the Erie Canal to the Hudson River.
 (Say, 1817) (Piedmont elimia)
  Habitat: Freshwater rivers and streams with cobble bottoms and boulders.
Life History: Can reach 30 mm in length; sexes are separate and eggs usually laid in spring in Elimia snails; often sexually mature in a year; can live 5 years.
Native Range: Rivers along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to Virginia.
Nonindigenous Range: Erie Canal, Oneida Lake, and streams near Buffalo, in New York.
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: Migrated from the Atlantic drainage through the Erie Canal; range is shrinking in the native Connecticut River range.
 Rafinesque, 1831 (sharp hornsnail)
  Habitat: Freshwater rivers and streams.
Life History: Can reach 37 mm in length; 14 whorls; likes to burrow in sand and mud; eggs laid in the spring.
Native Range: Ohio River and Great Lakes drainages; Mississippi River west to Kansas and Nebraska.
Nonindigenous Range: Lower Hudson River drainage and Oneida Lake in New York.
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: This species is listed as threatened in some Midwestern states. Probably introduced via the Erie Canal.
 (Linneaus, 1767) (a truncatella snail)
  Habitat: Marine environments on stones and pebbles, fine sediments and decomposing vegetation; prefers sheltered waters; salinity 18-40 psu.
Life History: Can reach 5 mm; light colored shell; sexes are separate; fertilized eggs are laid; egg capsules are attached to detritus.
Native Range: NE Atlantic off Morocco and Mediterranean to Black Sea .
Nonindigenous Range: Only early records (late 1800s) for the US are in waters off Newport, Rhode Island.
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: This snail loses apical whorls as it grows, giving it a truncated and cylindrical appearance.
 (Müller, 1774) (European stream valvata)
  Habitat: Freshwater lakes and streams.
Life History: Can reach 5 mm in length; 5 whorls; eggs deposited on vegetation and hatch in 15-30 days.
Native Range: Europe.
Nonindigenous Range: Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Hudson River and Cayuga Lake in New York.
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: May have arrived in packing material of fragile items and subsequently spread through canals in New York. First observed in North America in the late 1800s in Lake Ontario.
 (Reeve, 1863) (Chinese mysterysnail)
  Habitat: Slow-moving freshwater rivers, streams, and lakes with soft, muddy or silty bottoms.
Life History: Can reach 65 mm; 7 whorls; females are livebearers giving birth to crawling young.
Native Range: From Southeast Asia to Japan and eastern Russia.
Nonindigenous Range: Lake Erie; various ponds in Connecticut and Massachusetts; Potomac River, Maryland; Cocheco River, New Hampshire; Delaware River, New Jersey; Hudson River and Niagara River, New York; Schuykill River and Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania; Annaquatucket River, Rhode Island; and a few isolated locations in Maine and Virginia.
Impacts: Possible competition with native snails.
Comments: This species was sold in Chinese food market in San Francisco in the late 1800s; collected as early as 1914 in Boston.
 (von Martens, 1861) (Japanese mysterysnail)
  Habitat: Freshwater rivers and lakes.
Life History: Can reach 50 mm in length; females are livebearers giving birth to crawling young.
Native Range: Japan, Taiwan, Korea.
Nonindigenous Range: Concord River, Massachusetts. Also reported from Lake Erie in Ohio.
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: This species could be synonymous with C. chinensis. Imported to West Coast into Asian food market about 1892.
 (Lea, 1834) (banded mysterysnail)
  Habitat: Lakes and slow-moving rivers with mud bottoms.
Life History: Shell height can reach up to 45 mm, 4-5 whorls; Prominent dark banding; 3 year life span.
Native Range: East of the Mississippi River and a few southeastern states.
Nonindigenous Range: Lake Erie, Niagara River, Erie Canal, Hudson River drainage in New York and possibly Lake Champlain.
Impacts: This species may prey on fish embryos.
Comments: Earliest introductions date back to 1867 in the Hudson River. Recent populations are probably due to aquarium introductions. This species very similar to the European Viviparus viviparous. Anecdotal evidence suggests that mallard ducks are adapting to foraging on this species in Lake George, New York.
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