(Schneider, 1783) (Florida softshell)

Habitat: Lakes, ponds, ditches, large springs, and canals, rather than rivers .  In rivers and creeks, they usually prefer slow moving water.  May spend some time buried in the soft bottom with only the head protruding. 
Life History: Females lay 2 or more clutches containing four to 24 eggs each year during March to July. Hatchlings with yellow to olive carapace trimmed in yellow or orange emerge from the nest after 56 – 83 days of incubation.
Native Range: Extreme southeastern U.S. including Florida, and portions of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.
Nonindigenous Range: New York Harbor.
Impacts: Prey upon mollusks, crayfish, insects, fish, frogs, snakes, other turtles, birds, and carrion.
Comments: In New York City, New York several A. ferox were sold to a Buddhist temple; then the turtles were ceremoniously released into New York Harbor (Williams, 1999). The fate of these softshell turtles remains unknown, but it is highly unlikely that this southern species can survive the temperate climate and deep, highly urbanized harbor.

  (Lesueur, 1827) (spiny softshell)

Habitat: Highly oxygenated rivers, but also creeks, canals, impoundments, lakes, and oxbows; especially those with a soft bottom, sandbars or mud flats. Often seen buried in the soft bottom with only the head protruding. 
Life History: Females lay 4-39 eggs, during late spring or summer, which they bury in soil exposed to sunlight, often near sand or gravel bars, or further away from water if the proper nest environment is not close.
Native Range: Central and southern United States. In the Mid-Atlantic region, the species is indigenous to West Virginia and small portions of Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. 
Nonindigenous Range: Established throughout the Maurice River System (New Jersey). Collected in Suffolk County (Massachusetts); Fairfax County (Virginia); Cooper’s Creek, Kearn’s Lake, Palatine Lake, Rainbow Lake, and Willow Grove Lake (New Jersey).
Impacts: Prey upon fish, carrion, crayfish, insects, and a wide variety of other invertebrates. 

  (Gray, 1831) (Chinese three-keeled pond turtle)

Habitat: Shallow ponds, streams and canals with muddy or sandy bottoms.  It frequently basks on logs and rocks, and forages during the day.   
Life History: The species reaches from 4-5 inches to just over a foot long depending its region of origin. 
Native Range: Southern China, Korea and southern Japan.
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from Marshfield in Cape Cod (Massachusetts). 
Impacts: Unknown.
Comments: When collected, the turtle inhabited a wetland area and was probably an escaped or released pet.  Hibernates during the winter, so it is unclear whether C. reevesii can survive winters in the Mid-Atlantic region.

  LeConte, 1830 (Glyptemys) (wood turtle)

Habitat: Wetlands, streams, and rivers, as well as meadows, forests, and farmlands adjacent to water. The species hibernates in water, and is most aquatic in the northern portion of its range.
Life History: Mating peaks in spring and fall and nesting occurs in May and June. Four to 18 eggs are laid in holes excavated in the soil.
Native Range: Northeastern United States, the Great Lakes region, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia with isolated populations in northern New York and Quebec.  Not historically found in some portions of the Mid-Atlantic including: Virginia south of Rockingham County, most of northwestern New York, and the Cape Cod region. 
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from Cape Cod. Translocations occurred in Newbury and Jamaica Pond (Massachusetts). 
Impacts: The species is not established in Cape Cod, so impacts are likely minimal. Establishment could affect prey items such as: plants, fungi, mollusks, insects, tadpoles, earthworms, and eggs of birds and turtles. Spread of disease and parasites is possible when a species is translocated, but no impacts were documented from the two releases within the native range.

  (Schoepff, 1801) (Glyptemys) (bog turtle)

Habitat: Spring-fed sphagnum bogs, swamps, and marshes.
Life History: Mating is from March to June and nests containing about three eggs are excavated in tussocks or elevated soil from May to July.
 Native Range: Distributed sporadically in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts.
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from Newbury (Massachusetts).
Impacts: A population did not establish; no impacts reported.
Comments: The bog turtle is federally listed as a threatened species. Plant succession and hydrologic seasonality make C. muhlenbergii habitat largely ephemeral causing their fluctuating, discontinuous distribution.  Bog turtles are omnivorous and feed on insects and insect larvae, snails, berries, seeds, plants, and various vertebrates.  

  (Gray, 1863) (yellow-margined box turtle)

Habitat: Ponds, rice paddies, and streams.
Life History: Clutches of 1 to 3 eggs are laid in dry, shaded soil during March through August; incubation is 75 to 90 days.
Native Range: Southern China, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands.
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from Attleborough and Needham (Massachusetts).
Impacts: A population did not establish; no impacts reported.  Prey upon snails, worms and other invertebrates.

  (Le Sueur, 1817) (common map turtle)

Habitat: Rivers and lakes with abundant basking sites.
Life History: Nesting occurs from May to June and flask-shaped nests are excavated in loose soil or sand at the water’s edge.  Females commonly lay two clutches per season with each nest containing approximately 10 eggs.
Native Range: Eastern portion of the Midwest to the southeast and central Mid-Atlantic states.
Isolated populations occur in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York including the Susquehanna River system of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. 
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from Lake Waban (Massachusetts).
Impacts: A population did not establish; no impacts reported.

  (Gray, 1831) (false map turtle)

Habitat: Large rivers and backwaters, but also lakes, ponds and other wetlands.
Life History: Two to three clutches containing 2 to 22 eggs are laid from May to July. Females usually excavate nests in the morning or on overcast days on banks or beaches.
Native Range: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas north along the Missouri, Mississippi, and Ohio river drainages to North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana.  Isolated populations occur in central Ohio and northern Indiana.
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from a tide marsh along the shore of the Little River opposite Roosevelt Island (District of Columbia and Virginia).  Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii (Baur, 1890) was collected from two sites in Virginia; Custis Spring, USDA experimental farm located east of Arlington, and Norfolk.
Impacts: Negligible since the species is not established in Virginia.  Because G. pseudographica is omnivorous, eating mollusks, insects, crayfish, aquatic plants and more, an established population could influence the food web.

  (Lacepède, 1788) (eastern mud turtle)

Habitat: Quiet, well-vegetated, shallow waters with soft substrates, often tolerating brackish waters.
Life History: Females lay 1-3 clutches annually, consisting of 1-6 hard-shelled eggs, in well-drained soil often under some sort of terrestrial cover (Iverson, 1979; Frazer et al., 1991; Ernst et al., 1994).
Native Range: Gulf coast states from Texas to Florida and east coast states fromFlorida to New Jersey and Long Island. Also along the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers from the Gulf to Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois and Indiana.  An isolated population resides in northern Indiana. 
Nonindigenous Range: A Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis (Gray, 1855) (Mississippi mud turtle) was collected from a dam on the Parker River, Ipswich (Massachusetts).
Impacts: No impacts are apparent since the species is not established. Should this semiaquatic omnivore become established, it can potentially impact any ecosystem by feeding on or competing with indigenous fauna (especially mollusks, insects, crustaceans, amphibians, and other turtles).
Comments: K. subrubrum does not bask often, but it is capable of wandering far from water.

  (Schoepff, 1793) (diamondback terrapin)

Habitat: Coastal salt marshes, tidal creeks and estuaries.
Life History: During April to July, nests containing up to 18 eggs are excavated in dunes and shoreline soil, often proximal to vegetation.
Native Range: Along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from Texas to Florida and north to Massachusetts.
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from Tinicum Marsh where it is presumed to be nonindigenous (Pennsylvania).  While native to Massachusetts, the species has been stocked in Scusset Marshes in Sandwich and the Slocum River in Dartmouth (Massachusetts). Southern subspecies have been collected at the causeway to Plum Island in Ipswich, the Charles River in Boston, and on the outer shore of Logan Airport in Boston Harbor (Massachusetts).
Impacts: No impacts are reported.
Comments: Terrapins may be sold illegally as food in Chinatown, Boston. Terrapin mortality most commonly stems from entrapment in crab pots.

   (Gmelin, 1774) (Caspian turtle)

Habitat: Vegetated ponds, swamps, lakes, and rivers.
Life History: M. caspica lays clutches of 4-6 eggs.
Native Range: Europe and Africa from Serbia to Greece, southwestern Russia and central Iraq.
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from Grafton (Massachusetts).
Impacts: Impacts are not likely, because the species is not established.
Comments: The introduction and establishment of American red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) in the Mediterranean region due to pet releases is a growing threat to M. caspica as they compete directly for food with indigenous species.

   (LeConte, 1830) (river cooter)

Habitat: Aquatic habitats with vegetation and basking sites, especially slow moving rivers, lakes and wetlands.
Life History: Nesting occurs May to July in sandy or loam soil within 30 m of water.
Native Range: Southern U.S. from Texas, Kansas, and Florida to eastern Virginia.
Nonindigenous Range: Naushon Island in Dukes County, Hoyt's Pond in Plymouth, and Lily Ponds in West Boylston (Massachusetts). Collected in 1975 from the Patapsco River (Maryland).
Impacts: No impacts are reported, because it is not established.

   (LeConte, 1830) (Florida cooter)

Habitat: Large slow-flowing rivers and associated backwaters and ponds.
Life History: Reaches maturity at three to four years and plastron length of 12 – 14 cm (males) or five to seven years and 24-25 cm in length (females).  Two to six clutches ranging from 10 to 29 eggs are laid. Nesting occurs any time of year in Florida, but usually not in summer. Elsewhere, nesting is in spring and approaching summer in the northern extent of its range.
Native Range: Southeastern coastal plains from southeastern Virginia to portions of the Florida Everglades and west to Alabama.
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from the Wachusett Reservoir in Worcester County, Mashpee in Barnstable County, and Martha’s Vineyard (Massachusetts); and from the Patapsco River (Maryland).
Impacts: No impacts are reported, because it is not established.

   (Gray, 1855) (painted wood turtle)

Habitat: Moist woodlands and scrub lands often close to streams or ponds.
Life History: Nests in leaf litter or soil, laying several clutches of three to five eggs during May to December.
Native Range: Mexico to Costa Rica.
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from a roadside near Flax Pond in Lynn (Massachusetts).
Impacts: No impact resulted since the species is not established.  Difficult to keep in captivity, it is unlikely that this species would ever establish in the Mid-Atlantic.  Consumes wildflowers, grasses, fruit, insects, worms, and fish.
Comments: Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima includes four subspecies, which are the only representatives of the subfamily Batagurinae to occur in the New World.

   (Weid-Neuwied, 1838) (red-eared slider)

Habitat: Nearly any freshwater habitat, predominantly still or slow-moving water with a soft bottom, aquatic vegetation, and basking sites.
Life History: Reproduction varies greatly among populations relative to climate and nutrient availability. These environmental variances affect size at sexual maturity.  Females lay two to 23 eggs per clutch with up to five clutches per year.
Native Range: South central U.S. from West Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico (Alabama to Texas) and west Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma.
Nonindigenous Range: Established in the vicinities of Boston and Springfield (Massachusetts); northern Maryland; Lake Carnegie, and the Delaware and Raritan Canal (New Jersey); Pine Lake near Coram, Rochester, Buffalo, and the town of Cold Spring Harbor (New York); Lehigh River and associated canal system (Pennsylvania); and Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge (Virginia).  Collected from Cambridge Reservoir, Orleans, Hoyt's Pond in Plymouth, Wollaston, Belmont, Forest Park in Springfield, Holly Pond in Hingham, Sunset Lake in Braintree, Hamilton, Back Bay Fens and Victory Gardens in Boston, Lynn, Trailside Museum and Pope's Pond in Milton, Reading, and Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (Massachusetts); northern Maryland as far south as Prince George's County (Maryland); Messalonskee Lake of the Belgrade Chain; and Portland (Maine).
Impacts: Unknown. Diet includes a variety of algae and aquatic plants, insects, fish and carrion with more insects eaten by juveniles.

   (Schoepff, 1792) (yellow-bellied slider)

Habitat: Nearly any freshwater habitat, predominantly still or slow-moving water with a soft bottom, aquatic vegetation, and basking sites.
Life History: Reproduction varies greatly among populations relative to climate and nutrient availability. These environmental variances affect size at sexual maturity.  Females lay two to 23 eggs per clutch with up to five clutches per year.
Native Range: South central U.S. from West Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico (Alabama to Texas) and west Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma.
Native Range: Southeastern U.S. from southern Virginia to northern Florida and eastern Alabama.
Nonindigenous Range: Collected from Belle Haven Park adjacent to the Potomac River in Alexandria (Virginia).
Impacts: Unknown. Diet includes a variety of plants, insects, fish and carrion with more insects eaten by juveniles.